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Promote Academic Discourse
- Model social studies discourse patterns such as recounting, explaining, and debating
- Ask students to communicate their ideas and thinking about social studies concepts, especially claims, evidence and reasoning
- Provide students with feedback on their use of academic language
- Revoice or restate student contributions using social studies discourse patterns
- Ask students questions that are intended to stimulate historical thinking and reasoning
- Encourage students to respond directly to each other’s statements and claims
- Ask students to restate, affirm and/or critique others’ assertions, claims, evidence and/or reasoning.
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Support Literacy Development
- Assign tasks that involve literacy skills (e.g., reading, writing, making charts and tables, creating time lines, interpreting maps)
- Explain expectations of literacy tasks and provide clear instruction about how to successfully accomplish the tasks
- Provide students with feedback on their use of social studies literacy practices
- Provide vocabulary instruction on key terms and concepts
- Use key social studies terms throughout the lesson
- Give students opportunities to use key words in writing or talk
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Scaffold Language and Content
- Modify talk (e.g., repetition, wait time, proper enunciation, rate of speech, rephrasing, L1 use) that facilitates student understanding of instruction
- Pay explicit attention to language issues that might be confusing or difficult (e.g., multiplemeaning words, figurative language, idioms, and grammatical structures)
- Provide supports such as sentence frames, word walls, glossaries, graphic organizers, outlines, and reading guides
- Utilize visual representations, physical manipulatives, models and realia
- Use gestures, multimedia resources, demonstrations and kinesthetic movements
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Contextualize Learning
- Anticipate and elicit students’ experiences from home, community or other out-of-school related to the social studies topic being studied
- Make public students’ prior knowledge and thinking about the social studies topic
- Connect social studies topics to local physical, geographic, or ecological environment or conditions
- Link social studies topics to issues and challenges faced locally, statewide or nationally and/or ones that students have personal experience with
- Engage students in problem and project-based learning tasks and assignments
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